April 2020 Water Level Update

April 27, 2020
By Lydia Salus, Coastal Resilience Project Assistant, Wisconsin Sea Grant 

The water levels on all the Great Lakes still remain above their long-term monthly averages as of April 2020. Lake Michigan surpassed its record-high monthly mean for March previously set in 1986. This is the third monthly record set for Lake Michigan in our recent period of high water levels. Lake Michigan water levels increased by about three inches from March to April. Lake Michigan has resumed its seasonal rise and is expected to continue to rise over the next few months.

Here are five things to know about water levels on Lake Michigan for April 2020.

What are the current water levels on Lake Michigan?

The water level of Lake Michigan as of April 24, 2020 is at an elevation of 581.73 feet above sea level (from the International Great Lakes Datum). To put this level into perspective, here are some statistics for Lake Michigan relative to the period of water level records measured from 1918 to present: (statistics from USACE’s Weekly Water Level Update and USACE’s Water Level Summary).

What is the outlook for future water levels?

The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) projects higher than average and potentially record high water levels to persist for at least the next six months (see six-month forecast issued for April 2020 below). 

While water levels on Lake Michigan decreased by about an inch in March, water levels have resumed their seasonal rise and increased by ~3 inches over the last month. The USACE is forecasting that water levels will continue their seasonal rise throughout the spring. An increase in water levels generally occurs during the spring as precipitation and snowmelt typically increase. In an average year, water levels vary seasonally by about one foot from a peak in summer to a low in winter, though every year is different. 

Six month water level forecast for Lake Michigan issued March 2020. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – https://www.lre.usace.army.mil/Missions/Great-Lakes-Information/Great-Lakes-Water-Levels/Water-Level-Forecast/Monthly-Bulletin-of-Great-Lakes-Water-Levels

Why are lake levels still high?

The story of Great Lakes water level changes is told by Net Basin Supply. Net Basin Supply accounts for water going into a lake in the form of precipitation and runoff minus water leaving a lake due to evaporation of water from the lake surface. In general, when Net Basin Supply is positive, more water enters the lake than leaves, causing a rise in lake levels. Over the last five years, Net Basin Supply has been consistently positive, driving all the Great Lakes to rise.

Precipitation for the Great Lakes Basin was above average in March. Above average water supplies combined with below average evaporation in March, caused Lake Michigan’s Net Basin Supply to be positive (see image below) leading to the increase in water levels that we saw over the last month. The water levels are expected to continue to rise through May.

This graphic shows the long term average NBS for the past 5 years. Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – https://www.lre.usace.army.mil/Missions/Great-Lakes-Information/Great-Lakes-Information-2/Basin-Conditions/

What would make water levels go down?

The historic record shows that water levels in the Great Lakes rise and fall with changes in precipitation and evaporation, so we know our high water levels will not be around forever. But what are the perfect conditions that would help water levels go down sooner rather than later? According to Keith Kompoltowicz, Deputy Chief of Engineering at the USACE’s Detroit District “If the faucet turns off, and we return to very dry, a hot dry summer. Those would be the conditions that would pull water levels down. Big picture is that we’re looking at another year of very high and even record high water levels, and the impacts associated with those are going to remain.” Those would be the ideal conditions – low precipitation and runoff with high evaporation – to get a below average Net Basin Supply which would draw down lake levels. This spring, Lake Michigan continued to see above average precipitation and below average evaporation as it begun its seasonal rise. Therefore, it is unlikely that water levels will go down in the summer of 2020.

Five places you can find more information:

1. Our Coastal Hazards page for details about the impacts of high water levels, including erosion, flooding, and navigation issues.
2. Our blog post Resources for Great Lakes Coastal Property Owners: Where do I start? has links to many resources to help
   • understand coastal hazards
   • weigh the risks coastal hazards pose to property
   • understand options for addressing these hazards
   • get started on implementing actions if necessary. 
3. The Great Lakes Water Budgets from the University of Michigan gives more information about what makes the lakes go up and down
4. The US Army Corps’ Great Lakes Information page has tons of details on water levels.
5. Our Resource of the Month featured here.